The Battle of Kettle Creek in the Revolutionary War

The Battle of Kettle Creek was fought February 14, 1779, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). In 1778, the new British commander in North America, General Sir Henry Clinton, elected to abandon Philadelphia and concentrate his forces in New York City. This reflected a desire to protect this key base following the Treaty of Alliance between the Continental Congress and France. Emerging from Valley Forge, General George Washington pursued Clinton into New Jersey. Clashing at Monmouth on June 28, the British elected to break off the fighting and continue their retreat north. As British forces established themselves in New York City, the war in the north settled into a stalemate. Believing support for the British cause to be stronger in the south, Clinton began making preparations to campaign in strength in this region. Armies Commanders Americans Colonel Andrew PickensColonel John DoolyLieutenant Colonel Elijah Clarke300-350 militia British Colonel John BoydMajor William Spurgen600 to 800 militia Background Since the British repulse at Sullivans Island near Charleston, SC in 1776, little significant fighting had occurred in the South. In the fall of 1778, Clinton directed forces to move against Savannah, GA. Attacking on December 29, Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell succeeded in overwhelming the citys defenders. Brigadier General Augustine Prevost arrived the following month with reinforcements and assumed command in Savannah. Seeking to expand British control into the interior of Georgia, he directed Campbell to take around 1,000 men to secure Augusta. Departing on January 24, they were opposed by Patriot militia led by Brigadier General Andrew Williamson. Unwilling to directly engage the British, Williamson limited his actions to skirmishing before Campbell reached his objective a week later. Lincoln Responds In an effort to bolster his numbers, Campbell commenced recruiting Loyalists to the British cause. To enhance these efforts, Colonel John Boyd, an Irishman who had lived in Raeburn Creek, SC, was ordered to raise Loyalists in the backcountry of the Carolinas. Gathering around 600 men in central South Carolina, Boyd turned south to return to Augusta. In Charleston, the American commander in the South, Major General Benjamin Lincoln, lacked the forces to contest Prevost and Campbells actions. This changed on January 30, when 1,100 North Carolina militia, led by Brigadier General John Ashe, arrived. This force quickly received orders to join Williamson for operations against Campbells troops at Augusta. Pickens Arrives Along the Savannah River near Augusta, a stalemate ensued as Colonel John Doolys Georgia militia held the north bank while Colonel Daniel McGirths Loyalist forces occupied the south. Joined by around 250 South Carolina militia under Colonel Andrew Pickens, Dooly agreed to begin offensive operations in Georgia with the former in overall command. Crossing the river on February 10, Pickens and Dooly attempted to strike a British camp southeast of Augusta. Arriving, they found that the occupants had departed. Mounting a pursuit, they cornered the enemy at Carrs Fort a short time later. As his men commenced a siege, Pickens received information that Boyds column was moving towards Augusta with 700 to 800 men. Anticipating that Boyd would attempt to cross the river near the mouth of the Broad River, Pickens assumed a strong position in this area. The Loyalist commander instead slipped north and, after being repulsed by Patriot forces at Cherokee Ford, moved another five miles upstream before finding a suitable crossing. Initially unaware of this, Pickens crossed back into to South Carolina before receiving word of Boyds movements. Returning to Georgia, he resumed his pursuit and overtook the Loyalists as they paused to camp near Kettle Creek. Approaching Boyds camp, Pickens deployed his men with Dooly leading the right, Doolys executive officer, Lieutenant Colonel Elijah Clarke, commanding the left, and himself overseeing the center. Boyd Beaten In devising a plan for the battle, Pickens intended to strike with his men in the center while Dooly and Clarke swung wide to envelop the Loyalist camp. Pushing forward, Pickens advance guard violated orders and fired on the Loyalist sentries alerting Boyd to the impending attack. Rallying around 100 men, Boyd moved forward to a line of fencing and fallen trees. Frontally attacking this position, Pickens troops engaged in heavy fighting as Dooly and Clarkes commands were slowed by the swampy terrain on the Loyalist flanks. As the battle raged, Boyd fell mortally wounded and command devolved to Major William Spurgen. Though he tried to continue the fight, Dooly and Clarkes men began to appear from swamps. Under intense pressure, the Loyalist position began to collapse with Spurgens men retreating through the camp and across Kettle Creek. Aftermath In the fighting at the Battle of Kettle Creek, Pickens sustained 9 killed and 23 wounded while Loyalist losses numbered 40-70 killed and around 75 captured. Of Boyds recruits, 270 reached the British lines where they were formed into the North and South Carolina Royal Volunteers. Neither formation lasted long due to transfers and desertions. With the impending arrival of Ashes men, Campbell decided to abandon Augusta on February 12 and commenced his withdrawal two days later. The town would remain in Patriot hands until June 1780 when the British returned following their victory at the Siege of Charleston.

Literature Review Key Concepts Theories And Theories

Literature Review/ Key concepts theories and Theories: The purpose of Literature review is to present an overview of existing scholarly material and to understanding gaps relating to the research area the questions pose. Meharabian and Russell (1974) proposed a theoretical model in which they discussed how service environment stimulates the customer’s emotions and there by influences their behavioural intentions. In this model quality of a customer’s experience is measured by measuring the emotions of pleasure, arousal and dominance (PAD). Pleasure comes from happiness or satisfaction, arousal is derived from excitement based on environment stimulations and dominance as the ability of the customer to control the environment or feeling in control. Emotions Emotions are a strong feeling deriving from one’s circumstances, mood or relationships with others. (Google Sholar). The Mehrabian and Russell model Figure 3 The model focusses on two topics, The emotional impact of physical stimuli and The effects of physical stimuli on variety of behaviours.(Mehrabian and Russell 1974) Mehrabian and Russell defines it as ,the approach â€Å"centres on the use of human emotional responses to environments as intervening variables linking the environment to the variety of behaviours it elicits†. Later research conducted by Donnavan and Rossiter (1982) finds Dominance emotion does not have a significant impact on customer behaviour. However, In a gambling environment and the intensity ofShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Concept Development And Concept Analysis869 Words   |  4 Pagesnursing research, clarification is key when discussing concepts. â€Å"Clarifying, recognizing, and defining concepts that describe phenomena is the purpose of concept development or concept analysis† (Wills McEwen, 2011). 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Social entrepreneurship is commonly defined as â€Å"entrepreneurial activity with an embedded

Involvement of Family Members in Resuscitation of Their Loved Ones

Question: Discuss about theInvolvement of Family Members in Resuscitation of Their Loved Ones. Answer: Introduction This research is a literature review study that focusses on analysing The National Centre for Biotechnology Information the existing research findings on the approaches used by nurses to deal with family members during the resuscitation of a loved one. The nursing profession has nursing theories and models that define the process and steps that practitioners need to take to address the issues that revolve around families and their loved ones (Polit Beck 2010, p. 12). This study utilised research finding from The National Centre for Biotechnology Information being one of the websites that advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. The resource has several journals that deal with different topics captured within it. Key words for the research were role of family in resuscitation and acute care settings, ways of involving family in resuscitation, nurse approaches in resuscitation and lastly, resuscitation strategies in Australia. The findings from this journals highlight empirical evidence gathered on the trends that nurses have adopted when dealing with the issue of family members during critical situations of their loved ones. The articles for the study were carefully chosen to ensure that they capture the required information on the family member involvement in resuscitation process. Research studies of involvement of family members during resuscitation Resuscitation is the process of correcting physiological disorders in acute patients in intensive care unit. Such patients rely more on life support since some of them cannot manage simple life necessities on their own. According to Balaban (2000, p. 196) the role of family ones and their presence during such situations has been debated several times by scholars and professionals. However, most literature points on the need to involve loved ones. Goldberger, et al. (2015, p. 229) study indicators that there is no major difference in involving family members or not in clinical in resuscitation of their loved ones. In a study that involved analysis of the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation where patients eighteen years or older with cardiac arrests were analysed, through determining whether the hospital had a documented policy on family presence during the process. Through evaluation of the primary and secondary outcomes of the research, the direct impact of involvement of family members in the process was analysed. The direct impact of the process was examined to determine how it leads to achievement of quality of care. The three outcomes of quality of resuscitation, aggressiveness of the process and self-reported potential system errors during the process. The sample of this study entailed 41, 568 patients in 252 hospitals where 13, 470 patients in 80 facilities were in hospitals with family involvement policy (Goldberger, et al. 2015, p. 332). The study reported differences in adoption of family inclusion policies but the results showed that there is no significant difference in hospitals with the policy and those without the policy. Lederman Oren Wacht (2014, p. 72-85) study on the presence of family members during resuscitation at Yale-New Haven hospital focused on the role of family members in the care of patients. The researchers wanted to understand the attitudes that the emergency department staff had had towards the presence of family members. The study entailed 100 healthcare professionals. Through a list of four open-ended qualitative research questions, the researchers gathers appropriate data for the study which indicated that seventy-seven percent of the staff members favored and were comfortable with family members being present during the process (Lederman Oren Wacht 2014, p. 79). This study therefore concluded that there should e protocols and proper policies that are put in place to define the role that family members can play during critical moments of their love ones. However, the findings from the hospital indicate that the staff had more tolerance to family involvement as compared to other h ospitals which may have favored the results. This study is complemented by Basol, et al. (2009, p. 240) who reported that drafting of proper protocols in the process of family involvement can yield positive results that lead to healing and increased results. However, Hanson Strawser (2002, p. 105) adds that the policy or strategy should be individualised to every facility rather than generalised. This means that each healthcare system needs to develop their own resuscitation family involvement policies. Oczkowski, et al. (2015, p. 1-11) did a meta-analysis of the presence of family members during resuscitation of their loved ones. The authors suggest that different views have been proposed on whether family memers would be present during intensive care treatment of their loved ones. According to Oczkowski, et al. (2015, p. 3) family members participation exposes them to high cases of psychological harm when they see what their loved ones go through. These study reported that family presence does not affect adult resuscitation outcomes and leads to improved psychological outcomes of both the family member and the patient. Dudley, et al. (2009, p. 781), suggests that there is little evidence indicating the effects that the presence of family members has on the outcome of the patient. However, little evidence was reported pointing to the effects that family members may have on patient outcome. However, the findings of this study cannot be generalised to other situations and hospitals s ince the trials only worked in one setting. The findings complement the results of Lederman Oren Wacht (2014, p. 70) which indicated that the application of family presence policies should allow facilities to design their own mechanisms on how they can involve patients in resuscitation situations. From a research done by Brasel, et al. (2017, p. 14381443) indicated that the importance of family members presence outweighs the harms that the family members can cause for the process. Here they argue that there are situations when patients fail to make their opinion due to the condition that they are facing thus allowing the family members can improve quality of decisions or opinions that the patient makes. Further, the study reported that patients are assured of their safety and increased comfort since their family members can assist in making any other decision. The psychological benefit of the presence include reduced grief and early acceptance of family members if the patient dies. Jabre, et al. (2014, p. 985) study indicators that inclusion of family members reduces PTSD syndromes due to the psychological effects of not witnessing resuscitation of their loved ones. However, Brasel, et al. (2017, p. 141) finishes by indicating that there ois need to document proper policies an d ensure that health practitioners like nurses accompany family members to give them any support that they require during the process. Lastly, MasaDeh, et al. (2014, p. 72-85) study on family stressors and needs during resuscitation indicators that some facilities push out family members during the process despite the increase presence of literature indicating the importance of involving family members. However, opinions on family presence during resuscitation vary across cultural beliefs that people have. This study was conducted in six hospitals involving families with the experience of being present during resuscitation of relatives. From the study MasaDeh, et al. (2014, p. 84) reported that family members had three needs: need for reassurance, need for proximity and need for support. The need for update on patient status was the most that patients had which indicators that the presence if family members during the process can reduce the psychological burden that family members suffer from. This study concluded that involvement of family members offers most benefits that allow them to stay updated of the status o f their loved one thus reducing the burden of psychological trauma and PTSD. Conclusion The presence of family members during resuscitation offers benefits to both the patient and the family members. Although some studies have suggested that presence of family members delays the process and leads to psychological harm to the patient, the studies above indicate that indeed the presence of family members creates better conditions for both the patient and the family members. Facilities need to develop policies that determine the way family members need to be involved in the process to increase the psychological benefits of the process. Facilities that have established proper policies and offer support to family members report increased outcomes and reduced psychological effects to family members like PTSD. References Balaban, R. B. 2000 A Physician's Guide to Talking About End-of-Life Care. Journal of General Medicine, 15(3), pp. 195-200. Basol, R., Ohman, K., Simones, J. Skillings, K., 2009 Using research to determine support for a policy on family presence during resuscitation. Dimensions in Critical Care Nursing, 28(5), pp. 237-247. Brasel, K., Entwistle, J. Sade, R. M., 2017 Should Family Presence Be Allowed During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation?. Annual Thorac Surgery, 102(5), p. 14381443. Dudley, N. C. Hansen, K.W. Furnival, R.A. Donaldson, A.E. Van-Wagenen, K. L. 2009 The effect of family presence on the efficiency of paediatric trauma resuscitations. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 53(6), pp. 777-784. Goldberger, Z. D. Nallamothu, B. K. Graham, N Chan, P. S. Curtis, R. Cooke, C.R. 2015 Family presence during resuscitation and patterns of care during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 8(3), p. 226234. Hanson, C. Strawser, D. 2002 Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Foote Hospital emergency department's nine-year perspective. Journal of Emergency Care, 18(2), pp. 104-106. Jabre, P. Tazarourte, K. Azoulay, E. Borron, S.W. Belpomme, V. Jacob, L. Bertrand, L. Lapostolle, F. Combes, X. M., Galinski. Pinaud, V. C., Destefano. Normand, D. Beltramini, A.; Assez, N. Vivien, B. Vicaut, E. Adnet, F.2014. Offering the opportunity for family to be present during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: 1-year assessment. Intensive Care Medicine, 40(7), pp. 981-987. Lederman, Z. Oren Wacht, 2014 Family Presence During Resuscitation: Attitudes of Yale-New Haven Hospital Staff. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 87(1), pp. 63-72. MasaDeh, R. Saifan, A. Timmons, S. Nairn, S. 2014 Families Stressors and Needs at Time of Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation: A Jordanian Perspective. Global Journal of Health Science, 6(2), pp. 72-85. Oczkowski, S. J. Mazzetti, I. Cupido, C. Fox-Robichaud, A. E. 2015 The offering of family presence during resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Intensive Care, 3(41), pp. 1-11. Polit, D. Beck, C. 2010 Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice. 7th ed. China: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Customer Satisfaction Hospitality Industry â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Are The Factors Affecting The Hotel Industry As Per An Individual Customer? Why Do These Factors Affect The Hotel Industry In NZ? What Is Being Compromised When It Comes To Customer Service Standards In The Hotel Industry Of New Zealand? What Can Improve The Customer Satisfaction Rate In Areas That Are Highly Required As Per The Client? Ansswers: Introduction Over the last decade, hotels have been competitive. The loyalty of the customers is the most crucial factor that attracts clientele and promotes competition in the lodging industry alongside contributing to the business industry (Pizam et al., 2016). For this purpose, enhancement of the loyalty of the customers is stated to be one of the significant aspects of attracting competitiveness within the industry along with ensuring of business stability. The research conducted by Kim, Vogt Knutson (2015) shows that it is the responsibility of the hotel management in ensuring the happiness of the consumers for maintaining of the reputation. This present research study is being aimed towards exploring the customer satisfaction rate within the Hotels existing in New Zealand. Under the present circumstances, one of the biggest issues facing the managers within the hotel industry is to offer and maintain satisfaction of the consumers. Customer prerequisites for the quality service and products in the industry of tourism have increasingly become apparent to the professionals. Guests relationship is being stated as the strategic asset of the company or hotels along with the satisfaction of customers, which is the starting point in defining the objectives of business. Hotels have been increasing their investments in developing the quality of service along with the professed value of guests for attaining better satisfaction of customers and loyalty factor. The following image illustrates the fact that New Zealand has remained a favorite tourist destination for global tourists as its hotel industry has played major part in stay ing competitive and delivering quality service. This paper would consider the factors that have been affecting the customer satisfaction of New Zealands hotel industry. The above image states the fact that foreign tourists have been highly satisfied with New Zealand tourism over the years in which the hotel industry has played a major part. The satisfaction rate has been stable over the period with very few people being not satisfied with the facilities they have received in the country (Pizam et al., 2016). The proportion of people who are likely to recommend New Zealand has remained very high, which is 96-97% stating the hotel industry does a good job related to satisfaction. The above graph is also an indication of the fact that New Zealand hotels have played their part in satisfying the customers with 65% of the foreign tourists agreeing to the fact that they have been well taken care of by the hotels and satisfied them as per their needs and desires (Liat, Mansori Huei, 2014). However, there lies room for improvement for them as 22% still believes they have been not up to the desired mark. Research Aim: The main aim of this research study is in evaluating the factors that generates satisfaction within the customers, which can be applied by the Hotels for improving their service. It is important for the hotel industry in focusing on the factors of customer satisfaction for retaining the existing ones and attracting the new. Literature Review: The literature review would be dealing with the satisfaction rate of the customers within the hospitality industry based on the service quality that is generally been offered by the hotels. The main focus would be on the financial that are most likely to affect the customer satisfaction or customer care within the hotel industry and the issues associated to it (Kim, Vogt Knutson, 2015). In cases where customers are contented with the brands or the products, they in all probabilities would be becoming loyal customers and keep distributing good word about the hotel (Rahimi Kozak, 2017). If customers are disappointed, they are likely to switch brands and talk bad about that particular hotel to diverse customers. The hotel brand is an indispensable factor that ardently influences the exercises of advertising and the hotel goodwill and image that generates good intuition. High competition rate within this industry has resulted in augmented demand having significant impact on the service quality offered to their customers by the hotels. One of the key issues faced by the hotels in gaining competitive advantage is providing their service at lower rates to the customers (Liat, Mansori Huei, 2014). This generally takes its toll on the service quality offered by the hotels. There exists a strong relationship between the service quality offered and the customer loyalty extent depicted by the customers. This is important in helping to develop the value of the brand of the industry of hotels. Research Methodology: The primary design of the research would be cross-sectional in nature signifying the fact that the plan of the research would be as per collected information over specific time period. The study aim towards identification of the factors that plays major part in satisfying the tourists paying visit to New Zealand and staying in hotels. The survey would be done on 25 customers along with 5 managers across various hotels in New Zealand. It is important to understand the desire and needs of the customers when they book hotels and the factors they give emphasis on while staying in a particular hotel. Process of Data Collection: Researchers are in the habit of gathering two kinds of data. One being the primary one, gathered from primary sources inclusive of survey and interviews and the other being secondary, mainly based on previous relevant journals and magazines within the same domain (Zaibaf, Taherikia Fakharian, 2013). The primary research takes in a relevant sample size for the research. For this particular research work, the researcher would be gathering data from the survey of the customers visiting and staying at the hotels in New Zealand. The researcher would be going for a sample size of 25 customers along with 5 managers and they would be chosen on random basis, visiting the hotel at various times across the year. Data Analysis The research is based on gathering relevant data from the literature review and the data collected from the secondary sources. The gathering of data is done keeping in mind the aspects required for conducting the research in a proper manner. The significance of the data can be identified by analysing the responses of the people and the managers. Limitations: In case of major limitations that might be a concern for this research is the time factor in collecting the data from the overall size of the sample selected for the research. Adding to that would be the limited cost factor allotted for the conducting of the study. This research would generally be a cross-sectional one and would be studying the customer satisfaction factors over a period of 3 years after which the results might vary as policies change after certain time period which plays a role in satisfaction of customers. Ethics: In this research, the relevant ethical factors will be considered. Private or financial information related to the hotel or the people participating in this research study should be leaked out during any point and complete secrecy is to be maintained. Once the evidence of interview and questionnaire is being shown to the researcher, it would be destroyed in due time. The data would be stored in Microsoft excel for future references and would be kept secretly by the researcher conducting the study. Timeline: The timeline for this particular research would be 3 months starting from 10th September 2017 until 10th December 2017. The timeline would be segregated for each month in keeping the work of the research on track. During the initial first months chapter would be developed followed by chapter 2 containing the literature review. Chapter 3 would be dealt with in October and Chapter 4 containing data analysis and discussions to be followed the next month. The third month would witness development of chapter 6 and chapter. References: Kim, M., Vogt, C. A., Knutson, B. J. (2015). Relationships among customer satisfaction, delight, and loyalty in the hospitality industry. Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research, 39(2), 170-197. Liat, C. B., Mansori, S., Huei, C. T. (2014). The associations between service quality, corporate image, customer satisfaction, and loyalty: Evidence from the Malaysian hotel industry. Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management, 23(3), 314-326. N. Torres, E., Kline, S. (2013). From customer satisfaction to customer delight: Creating a new standard of service for the hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25(5), 642-659. Pizam, A., Pizam, A., Shapoval, V., Shapoval, V., Ellis, T., Ellis, T. (2016). Customer satisfaction and its measurement in hospitality enterprises: a revisit and update. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(1), 2-35. Rahimi, R., Kozak, M. (2017). Impact of customer relationship management on customer satisfaction: The case of a budget hotel chain. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, 34(1), 40-51. Zaibaf, M., Taherikia, F., Fakharian, M. (2013). Effect of perceived service quality on customer satisfaction in hospitality industry: Gronroos service quality model development. Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management, 22(5), operations.